The present study is focused on the measurement of the development of the higher mental actions of analysis and planning as the main components of theoretical thinking by the younger adolescences in the individual and collaborative game problem solving conditions. The previously elaborated computer game system “PL-modified” was used. Social and emotional intelligence as well as gender factor were additionally controlled. 189 middle-school students from the 5-6th grades participated in this study. The results showed that game efficiency as a factor of mental action planning was higher in collaborative problem solving conditions (in comparison with the individual game) no matter which additional factor was controlled. Furthermore, the whole sample was divided in two groups by the criterion of the level of social intelligence of those participants who played in each pair. Thus, the group 1 included players with the equal level of social intelligence whereas the group 2 was presented by the gamers with the different levels of social intelligence.

The paper proposes a method for calculating the complexity of game tests. Calculations are carried out for the PLines gaming system. Brief information about the PLines system is provided.

The article presents an overview of empirical research on the interaction of digital technologies with the development of cognitive and communication processes of adolescents and young adults. The studies are divided into blocks in accordance with the three types of childrens' activity, such as leisure (including video games), communicative and educational activity - taking the impact of digital technologies into account. Contradictory empirical data are explained by the many limitations that exist for the organization of this type of research. They also do not allow to identify clear causal relationships between the use of digital technologies by adolescents and young adults and the development of their cognitive and communication skills. The analysis of scientific results, studies led to the conclusion that digitalization qualitatively changes development of cognitive and communication processes of adolescents and young adults.

Summary.
The present study was aimed at examining the problem framed by the team of authors in the past research papers (2018, 2020, 2021) and assessing the level of the mental actions of analysis, planning, and reflection as the main components of theoretical thinking in junior students in the individual and collaborative (paired with a partner) problem solving conditions by the ‘PL-modified' computer game system. General intelligence was separately evaluated and controlled. 138 students of the Faculty of Psychology of Education of the MSUPE participated in this study.
The results showed that:
1) the main indicators of game performance were higher in collaborative problem solving conditions, however,
2) strongly depended on the intellectual abilities of two players in a pair.
The data are analyzed in accordance with the effects revealed in the past studies and discussed in terms of the further prospects for using the ‘PL-modified' computer system as an additional tool for the assessment of students’ mental actions taking their age differences and cognitive potential into consideration.

Summary.
The study was aimed at revealing the impact of the certain variables such as general and verbal intelligence, working memory capacity on the high level of foreign language aptitude. 388 students of foreign language faculties took part in the study by accomplishing four linguistic tests aimed at assessing the level of their language competencies. Participants also passed general and verbal intelligence tests and two computer tests measuring working memory capacity. The structural equation modeling method was used to see the patterns between researched variables. Three structural models were constructed and showed that linguistic abilities are a one-factor psychological construct which includes five language components. The nature of the interactions between cognitive and linguistic abilities depends on the specially assessed aspects of language proficiency. It turned out that only one language variable, namely, language reasoning, reveals connection with all studied cognitive variables.     

Summary.
The present study is focused on testing the computer game system ‘PL-modified’ as a diagnostic tool for measurement of higher-order cognitive skills by middle-school students in individual and collaborative game. The ‘PL-modified’ is a computer system designed as a game which implies a set of concrete parameters specially elaborated for assessment of the cognitive actions of analysis, planning, and reflection — the basic higher-order cognitive functions which determine high achievements in school education according to the Russian theory of developmental education. 189 middle-school students at the age of 11—12 years participated in this study.
Two research questions were asked:
1) whether the cognitive actions of analysis, planning, and reflection measured by special markers of the computer game system performance are correlated with each other as a valid indicator for the new constructed diagnostic instrument;
2) which type of the game — individual or collaborative — provides better conditions for manifestation of the above mentioned higher mental actions.
Abstract intelligence as an additional anticipated factor for high game performance was also assessed and controlled. It was revealed that participants exhibit the higher level of the cognitive actions of analysis and planning in collaborative game. At the same time the patterns of the interactions between the researched variables as well as distinct parameters of game performance are determined by the concrete level of intelligence which rather varies in different pairs of collaborators. We discuss our results from the position of the further prospects for the application of the ‘Pl-modified’ computer system as a potential instrument of measurement and development of higher-order thinking actions. In terms of the modern educational programs teachers need simple diagnostic tools for measurement of school-children’s thinking development. Traditional ‘pen-and-paper’ techniques become quickly outdated as much as they may not be sufficiently motivationally attractive for children and focus only on the result of the thinking process. In this regard, such diagnostic instrument formed in the format of a computer game and centered on the whole gaming process allows fixing children’s actions and provides important information on the dynamic characteristics of their mental process.

Summary.
The article provides a detailed description of the diagnostic game system Plines, which was previously described in the journal, discusses the features of the research conducted in individual and pairs conditions as well as the main indicators of gamers’ activity represented as their ability to plan, analyze, and reflect. The registration of various mental actions enables to study more deeply the structure of game behavior and its relation to personality traits that are inaccessible to direct observation. The functional components of the system as well as the methods of storing, extracting, and analyzing the data are described.

Summary.
The article describes the study of the influence of the digital environment and various gadgets, as well as additional education on the intellectual and creative abilities of children. The life activity of the modern generation of schoolchildren takes place in the conditions of global digitalization which determines the relevance of its impact on the processes and outputs of children’s mental development. There are huge numbers of foreign and domestic studies on the usage of digital technologies effects for the educational activity of schoolchildren. However, the problem of such influence is less studied even nowadays. Despite the negative impact of gadgets on the mental development of younger generation, the search for educational tools that could compensate, or even better, counteract such negative effects of digitalization has become urgent. They can serve as an additional education – in the field of psychology and pedagogic – to stimulate the processes of children’s creative and intellectual development. The diagnostic and questionnaire methods described in the article let us reveal that today’s teenagers are characterized by the usage of digital technologies either for entertainment or for productive process. Correlation and factor analysis showed that those who prefer the entertainment capacities of gadgets during their leisure time show a lower level in intellectual and creative development. Those who use gadgets in a most productive way demonstrate a higher level of intelligence and creativity.  

Summary.
The aim of this paper is testing a computer game as an alternative tool for the assessment of intelligence and creativity of school children. The relevance of the research task is determined by the growing interest in practical psychology in the use of computer games as a special diagnostic tool in educational process. There are two original factor models that have been developed and the structural equation modeling of measured parameters has been carried out. The relationships between game dynamic and final individual results in the computer game, on the one hand, and psychometric intelligence and divergent creativity, on the other, are presented. Weak correlation between the above-mentioned and individually measured intellectual and creativity characteristics of the participants with the computer game results was discovered. Consideration of these characteristics in the form of a common latent factor makes it possible to identify the corresponding dependencies only in some cases when there is a dividing the sample into groups according to their ability level. Particularly, the dynamics of game scoring allows to refer participants to the target group with a certain level of abilities (high intelligence and creativity versus low intelligence and creativity), and it is the high level of psychological traits that determines effectiveness in the game behavior, but not vice versa. The qualitative ratios of the two groups of subsets of participants were revealed: weak, medium and strong players and players with three different levels of psychological abilities. The prospects for the further use of computer games for assessment of cognitive abilities in the measurement of combination of psychological abilities are discussed.

Summary.
The article presents the results of the study of the relations of psychometric parameters of intelligence and creativity of middle school age students with the efficiency of their problem solving in a computer game, a variant of the famous game “Lines”. The computer game performance was estimated in the final game score. The presence of a weak, but significant positive relationship between the final game score and the indicators of creativity, but not of intelligence, was shown. The obtained empirical data are discussed from the prospects of the use of a computer game as a special diagnostic tool for cognitive abilities, and those psychological variables that can be analyzed as relevant factors for high computer game performance.

Summary.
The present article is focusing on the complex review of contemporary international and native psychological studies on the topic of the individual-psychological factors of treatment adherence by patients with arterial fibrillation and other cardio-vascular diseases. The review implies three basic parts. In the first part the relevance of the problem of treatment non-adherence as well as the main objective and definitions are highlighted. The key empirical data concerning the influence of patients’ individual personality traits on treatment adherence are described in the second part. The Big Five personality traits, anxiety and ‘positive psychological constructs’ including optimism, humor, well-being and self-efficiency are important of notion. The third part of article aims sat making an acquaintance with the last empirical data about the relations between patients’ individual differences in their cognitive characteristics and treatment adherence. Intelligence, executive functions and working memory are at focus of authors’ attention: the experimental facts argue that high cognitive functions increase patients’ knowledge and awareness and are thought to be analyzed as the main cognitive correlates of treatment adherence. Further, depression is observed as a distinct emotional-cognitive factor of medical therapy. The common results stress that the correlations between personality and cognitive factors mentioned above and treatment adherence are determined by other internal variables, namely differences on age and gender. The authors analyze the presented results taking the specificity of the revealed data into account. In particular, the mediated impact of both cognitive abilities and personality traits on treatment adherence is emphasized.

Summary.
Adherence enhancement has great potential able to provide much more positive influence on population health than other efforts towards improvement of existing and development of new methods of treatment. The main purpose of this work was to present a brief review devoted to challenges of adherence to pharmacotherapy. Our review exposes the topicality of the low adherence problem, provides comparison of different methods for compliance assessment and describes factors able to affect adherence.

Summary.
This article presents the empirical results of the study on the interaction between fluid and crystallized intelligence and individual differences in foreign language aptitude. The three-factor model of cognitive abilities was constructed and showed a suitable fit to empirical data. According to the model the latent factor of foreign language aptitude demonstrated strong positive correlations with the factors of both fluid and crystallized intelligence. Another important empirical result supports the existence of different patterns of relationships which disclose the variables under study as depending on the level of productivity in the language sphere. Namely, it was shown that on the high level of foreign language test performance there were no significant interactions between foreign language aptitude and different parameters of fluid and crystallized intelligence assessments. We discuss our findings in terms of contemporary approaches to understanding of differential impact of certain cognitive factors on foreign language aptitude.

Summary.
The article presents the results revealed in the empirical study focused on the interrelation between dynamic and total individual performance indicators of gaming behavior in the “Plines” game with the test measurements of general intelligence and divergent creativity (N = 151). It is demonstrated that the dynamic characteristics of point accumulation in the game can be used, with a great likelihood, for relating subjects to determine the groups with a certain level of ability (high intelligence and creativity vs. low intelligence and creativity). The data concerning the high-test indicators of cognitive abilities which determine the effectiveness of the gaming behavior of the subjects, and not vice versa, is another fundamental effect of the study. The subjects of discussion imply the prospects for the further use of the present computer game in the diagnostics of ability sets in the real life, the need to expand the pool of investigated psychological indicators that contribute to decision making in a situation of uncertainty, and the benefits of referring to the procedural characteristics of problem solving in psychological diagnostics.

Summary.
This article aims to reveal interaction between verbal intelligence and efficiency of intentional and incidental verbal information processing. Participants were exposed to pairs of words about which they have to decide whether a city name was presented in each pair. Thus, semantics of words was processed intentionally, whereas their phonemic features (rhymed vs. unrhymed pairs) were processed incidentally. The efficiency of stimuli processing was estimated in two different cognitive tasks – word free-recall task and word usage in new creative task. It was found that verbal intelligence was positively correlated with number of recalled stimuli which were congruent to both intentional and incidental processing conditions. Moreover, verbal intelligence was positively correlated with usage of incongruent stimuli which were processed incidentally in creative task. The results are discussed in terms of contemporary frameworks of information processing in verbal tasks.

Summary.
This article aims to reveal interaction between verbal intelligence and efficiency of intentional and incidental verbal information processing. Participants were exposed to pairs of words about which they have to decide whether a city name was presented in each pair. Thus, semantics of words was processed intentionally, whereas their phonemic features (rhymed vs. unrhymed pairs) were processed incidentally. The efficiency of stimuli processing was estimated in two different cognitive tasks – word free-recall task and word usage in new creative task. It was found that verbal intelligence was positively correlated with number of recalled stimuli which were congruent to both intentional and incidental processing conditions. Moreover, verbal intelligence was positively correlated with usage of incongruent stimuli which were processed incidentally in creative task. The results are discussed in terms of contemporary frameworks of information processing in verbal tasks.

Summary.
This article aims at describing empirical results dealing with scientific achievements of the Doctors of Science in their middle age, who are working in the Russian Academy of Sciences. It was revealed that international scientific achievements show a weak negative correlation to scientific achievements in their native country. The results let us assert that scientific competence and social capital that determine scientific achievements in both – international and native sciences –are different and somewhere alternative. The results also revealed that citation index is an insufficient predictor for domestic scientific achievements, whereas international scientific achievements yield more precise outcome.

Summary.
We assume that communication of personal (tacit) knowledge is a most problematic process in translating scientific experience to younger scholar’s generation. An empirical study was carried out on the sample of 170 DrSc from the Russian Academy of Sciences, who were winners of the Science Support Foundation award “Best young scientists of the Academy of Sciences”. The structural-equation modeling was used for data analysis. The results revealed family and scientific environment factors’ influence on scientific productivity. The data accord to hypothesis about the increasing role of personal knowledge.

Summary.
This article presents an empirical study carried out on the sample of 170 DrSc from the Russian Academy of Sciences, who were winners of the Science Support Foundation award “Best young scientists of the Academy of Sciences”. Dramatic differences in citation indexes of the scientists from different scientific domains were revealed. We analyzed the dependence of the publication number o the age of a scientist. The results presented in this article revealed some constraints for usage of formal criteria of scientific work efficiency. Respecting these constraints would let to extenuate the consequences of the usage of formal indicators as a practical instrument.

Summary.
The article presents contemporary studies of linguistic abilities in psychology. The different approaches to the linguistic abilities structure are discussed in relation to empirical results on peculiarities of the second language mastering. The special attention is paid to the cognitive determinants of linguistic abilities. So, the empirical data concerning the interaction between language-aptitude test scores and different abilities, e.g. verbal intelligence and working memory, are analyzed in more details. In the conclusion the research perspectives in different cognitive processes which determine the efficiency of the second language mastery are discussed.

Summary.
The article introduces the view of up-to-date research works concerning the study of the ways in which emotions affect the efficiency of creative task solving. The specificity of research approaches is discussed in their dependence on particular ways of registration of the subject’s emotional state. In general, it is possible to distinguish three groups of techniques used in present day psychology to diagnose several emotional states: self-reports, behavioral reactions registration, estimation of various indices of emotional state. The article describes these groups of techniques in terms of the prospects to be used in the studies dedicated to the impact which emotions have on creative task solving.

Summary.
This research is devoted to the study of communication between the different cognitive abilities, on the one hand, and the ability to use peripheral information in tasks solution, on the other hand. The article considers the results of the main works on this issue, presented in the framework of cognitive psychology research. In the present work we conduct an experimental testing of the assumption of the existence of differences between subjects with a high and a low level of development of creative and intellectual abilities at the stages of coding and the subsequent extraction of peripheral information. The results of the experiment indicate the absence of the impact of creativity on the use of peripheral information both at the stage of coding and at the stage of its extraction in tasks solution. At the same time we found a significant positive relationship between the verbal intelligence and ability to effective use of peripheral information in the tasks of free words-generation. The obtained results of the study empirically confirm modern conceptions about the dual nature of verbal intelligence as a construct, which operates both logical and intuitive information for successful solution of various types of tasks.